This Procmail FAQ is an attempt at answering the most often asked questions and straightening out the most frequent misconceptions about Procmail. This is no substitute for the manuals, and indeed presupposes some familiarity with the program's regular documentation.
If you feel you have trouble understanding the tips in this FAQ and/or the manual pages, please be invited to check out the newbie links on the companion link page, which also has a lot of other Procmail-related links for you to investigate, including links to several tutorials which provide a sort of "quick start" documentation.
Please note that this FAQ does not attempt to help you getting started with Procmail; refer to the tutorials mentioned above if that's what you're after.
On the other hand, if you are more comfortable reading crib sheets than prose, you might want to look at the quick reference (still in beta; feedback and suggestions appreciated).
The official URL of this page is http://www.iki.fi/era/procmail/mini-faq.html -- this is a "virtual" URL which resolves to a different host. Please use this "virtual" URL rather than whatever your browser thinks it is you are currently looking at. This site can and will move in the relatively near future.
The following mirror sites are available:
Please use one of the mirrors if you can.
The author wanted to call this a "Mini-FAQ" but it keeps getting bigger. There are plans to rename it the "Bronto-FAQ."
As this document has changed and grown (it is currently more than twelve times the size of the arguably more elegant original version 1.0) it has become a bit hard to know where exactly to expect information about some things. I apologize for this. In the Contents, I try to include a mention of all very frequently asked questions, even if they're in a subsection of a subsection (further adding to the bloat, I'm afraid). The below table of contents is an abridged "best of" instead of a full TOC. (This makes little sense on the web page but is currently made to fit into various versions. I'll fix it, someday. I think.)
The author's contact information is at the bottom of this page.
Version information:
$Id: mini-faq.prep,v 1.358 2001/04/09 09:59:17 era Exp $
The
version history
details recent developments.
Procmail is a mail processing utility, which can help you filter your mail; sort incoming mail according to sender, Subject line, length of message, keywords in the message, etc; implement an ftp-by-mail server, and much more.
Procmail is also a complete drop-in replacement for your MDA. (If this doesn't mean anything to you, you don't want to know.)
Procmail runs under Unix. See Infinite Ink's Mail Filtering and Robots page for information about related utilities for various other platforms, and competing Unix programs, too (there aren't that many of either).
You can download Procmail from the main Procmail site or a number of mirrors. The Links page has a listing of well-established mirror sites.
In ancient times, then-current versions were posted to comp.sources.misc (vol 43, July 1994, is the newest I could find).
The recommended version of Procmail to install is 3.13.1 . [The previous reasonably stable versions were 3.11pre4 and 3.11pre7. Don't use any other "pre" versions, or 3.12. You should also avoid the ancient version 3.10. 3.14 was released recently, but contains some minor bugs. You would wait for 3.15, which should be announced shortly.]
http://www.procmail.org/procmail-snapshot.tar.gz contains a snapshot of the current development version. Philip Guenther's "to do" list at http://www.procmail.org/todo.html lists both implemented and planned changes relative to the latest release.
Please note that some of the tips in this FAQ (or elsewhere) might not work for versions older than 3.11pre4. In particular, a great number of sites seem to be stuck on 3.10, which is a bad choice for a number of reasons. There should be plenty of incentive to upgrade to 3.13.1.
The installation procedure is fairly straightforward but probably not the first thing you should attempt after you get a Unix account.
If you feel adventurous, and have a friend with a working copy of Procmail for your type of operating system and hardware, you can just snatch her/his binary. However, you need to be aware that this defeats some checks which the installation program performs, such as determine where your mail spool is, what kinds of file locking should be employed, etc. Be particularly wary if you use NFS-mounted mail spool directories.
The distribution comes with a
simple FAQ
(locally produced HTML version -- the
text-only original
is also available)
which covers some issues faced when first getting acquainted with
Procmail, such as how to view the manual pages, but it primarily
addresses various installation problems.
There's also answers to some very frequently asked questions,
some of which are not dealt with in the document you're reading now.
Please look at least at the TOC of the "original" FAQ as well.
(An abridged table of contents of the "original" Procmail FAQ is
in the "Quick Questions" section below.
Various files in the Procmail distribution package also contain
nuggets of very valuable information,
especially for the administrator setting up Procmail for the first time.)
If you can't find the answer to your question in either of these FAQs, please take a look at the Links section towards the end of this document -- but first, make sure you have found all of Procmail's manual pages; there are several.
If you are new to Unix, you should probably read up on regular expressions (grep/sed/awk/perl etc) and a little on mail handling before attempting to tackle the Procmail manual pages.
Q: I just downloaded Procmail, and want to learn to write my own recipes. Where do I start?
A: The distribution package comes with some pointers, and includes manuals, of course. In addition to that, the links page, which is a companion page to this FAQ has links to several good tutorials. There is also a small collection of links near the end of this FAQ.
There are many good tutorials and the purpose of this FAQ is not to compete with them, although some basic questions about Procmail's syntax recur in various on-line forums often enough to warrant their inclusion here as well.
Q: Is there a Procmail for Windows NT?
A: No, and it's somewhat unlikely that anybody would undertake a port. Read Bart Schaefer's excellent summary of the problems. Excerpt: "I've seriously looked at porting it to NT, yes. The problems are pretty severe."
Q: How can I run an arbitrary Perl or shell script on all or selected incoming mail?
A: Install Procmail. Read the manual pages (there are several). Thank you.
:0 * conditions, if any | your-script-here
The conditions, in their simplest form, are regular expressions to match against the header of each incoming mail message. Correction: Even simpler, you can leave out the condition lines completely if you want to do your action (in this case, run a shell script) unconditionally.
More-complicated conditions can also be exit codes of other shell scripts or programs, or tests against the full body of the message, or against Procmail variables (Procmail's variables are also exported to the environment of subprocesses, so they are essentially environment variables. There are details about this later in this FAQ.)
Actions can also be to save the message to a folder (appended to a Unix mailbox file, or written to a new file in a directory) or to forward the message to one or more other addresses. Finally, the action can be a nested block of more "recipes," as these condition-action mappings are called in Procmail jargon, to try if the outer condition is met. The procmailrc(5) manual page has the full scoop.
Obviously, you are not restricted to Perl or shell scripts. Anything you can run from a Unix command prompt can be run from Procmail, in principle, although running interactive programs doesn't usually make much sense.
Q: I want to use Procmail for spam filtering.
A: Good luck. Have fun. Have you considered the following?
Procmail is excellent for fine-tuning and for sorting already identified spam to a separate folder (some sites will just tag suspect messages, but still let them through) but on today's Internet, proper antispam measures belong in the mail server layer (if not in the political layer).
If you're looking for a simple little private blocking list, the "Pearls" section on the Links page has some pointers for you.
Q: I can't read. What's in the "original" Procmail FAQ?
A: Here's an abridged listing.
Not every question is a Frequently Asked Question, of course.
That's why there is a mailing list, after all.
(Additionally, not all answers in the FAQs are Frequently Wanted
and/or Understood. Sigh. ;-)
Q: What if Procmail is already installed by another user on my host?
A: Could be. Ask around. Yes, one installation per site should suffice.
Q: How do I know I have found all the manual pages?
A: You read them; most of them contain useful information. Start with the procmail(1) manual page; it contains pointers to the others under the "SEE ALSO" heading.
Make sure you find all of the pages procmail, procmailex, prorcmailrc, and regexp (or perhaps egrep or grep if you don't have a general introduction to regular expressions on your system).
Q: How do I know which version of Procmail I have?
A: You examine the output of the following command:
$ procmail -v procmail v3.11pre4 1995/10/29 written and created by Stephen R. van den Berg <[email protected]> Submit questions/answers to the procmail-related mailinglist by sending to: <[email protected]> And of course, subscription and information requests for this list to: <[email protected]> Locking strategies: dotlocking, fcntl() Default rcfile: $HOME/.procmailrc System mailbox: /var/spool/mail/$LOGNAME
For Formail and Lockfile, the companion utilities, it's harder to say as older versions (before 3.12) won't tell you themselves.
Q: Please please tell me the address of the Procmail mailing list!
A: See answer to previous question, or the periodic Mini-FAQ pointer posting.
There used to be an alternative list, which was started by Rhett 'Jonzy' Jones, but it appears to be dead.
There is now also a procmail-dev list for those interested in developing Procmail, and similarly a smartlist-dev for SmartList development. To join, send a subscribe request to [email protected] and/or [email protected], respectively.
Details about the various mailing lists related to Procmail (purposes, subscription and unsubscription instructions, etc) are available from the URL http://www.iki.fi/era/procmail/lists.html and mirrors.
Q: I have a question which this FAQ doesn't answer.
A: Ask on one of the Procmail mailing lists (see previous questions), or try a newsgroup such as comp.mail.misc. The links page has links to various resources, including tutorials and examples.
Please don't assume that the FAQ author is interested in inquiries about free consulting services. I read the Procmail mailing list and answer questions when I can. Several others do that too, so you stand a better chance of getting a decent answer by mailing the list rather than me. Thanks.
Before you send stuff to a mailing list or a newsgroup, you need to know the basics of "netiquette," i.e. how to behave online. In particular:
There are various netiquette pages all over the net. Try e.g. http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/edmonds/usenet/ml-etiquette.html or do your own search.
An additional tip: You should perhaps familiarize yourself with the FAQs for related Usenet newsgroups. Apart from various sections of the comp.mail hierarchy, various Unix newsgroups -- comp.unix.shell in particular -- should be worth a visit.
Q: Why am I getting spam from the Procmail list server?
A: The list is presently open for posting by anyone, including the spammers. This may have to be changed because of the rising tide of spam, which would be unfortunate, because many people might not want to be bothered to subscribe to the list in order to just ask one question. Anyhow, stay tuned (and tune your filters). (Actually the list's setup was recently changed to filter out the most obvious spam.)
A: Try subscribing yourself anew and see if things start to change. SmartList is rather paranoid and will easily unsubscribe you if it gets bounces from your address.
By the way, the on-line mailing list archive at http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/procmail/ should have all recent messages on store. You can check there whether you have received the newest messages.
Briefly, the regular expression to match anything that begins with "pr" and ends with "mail" is ^pr.*mail$ but for practical purposes, e.g. in a Subject: line, you might want to try the following recipe:
:0: * ^Subject: pr.*mail procmail-mail
This says: Anything that begins with "Subject: pr" and contains the string "mail" (followed by anything, or nothing) somewhere after that is to be saved in the folder procmail-mail.
The regular expression . (dot) matches any character except newline. The operator * says "the previous regular expression (in this case, any character) zero or more times", and so the whole compound expression .* matches any string of length 0 or longer. (Use + instead of * to force the matched string to contain at least one character.)
Note that there is no need for a trailing .* wildcard (and certainly not a sole *, which is a syntax error) -- the recipe will match regardless.
The neat stuff starts when you want to ignore "pro-mail" and "ProMail" while still looking for anything else that begins with "pro" and also contains "mail", but this example ends here.
Any beginners' book about Unix will contain a more detailed tutorial on regular expressions, most likely in conjunction with examples using the grep and sed programs. For reference, the manual page for egrep (an extended grep) at your site should contain a concise listing of regular expression operators. (Note that the manual's assertion that Procmail is 100% egrep compatible is not strictly speaking true. For one thing, there are many egrep implementations.)
One frequently seen Procmailism is this:
[ ]*
The brackets contain one space and one tab, in any order. This regular expression will catch any sequence of horizontal whitespace (including none at all -- change the * to a + if you want to make sure there's at least one whitespace character).
Some mailer programs use tabs instead of spaces in some places, others will attempt to "pad" all header fields with spaces to make the headers somewhat more readable. Finally, Subject headers are written by mere humans who sometimes press the space bar twice, perhaps only because they want to see if that will break your autoresponder script. Therefore, your Procmail recipes frequently need to match arbitrary runs of whitespace characters if you want them to work in all situations.
Under Unix and other multitasking operating systems, several processes can be running at once. This means several mail messages can be in delivery at the same time. Without Procmail, the default system mailer hopefully handles this just fine when mail is delivered to a system mailbox, but if two Procmails are delivering two messages to the same file more or less at the same time, you end up with problems. (A typical symptom is that the first message gets a FFrom in its first line, and the second gets a rom without the F. This messes up the mailbox format thoroughly.)
Rule of thumb: Use file locking when delivering to a file. Don't use file locking when delivering to /dev/null (because then it doesn't matter if the message gets mangled, and you might not have the permission to acquire a lock on a device), forwarding to another address, or piping into a program. A pipeline which ends up appending to a file should still use a lock, of course, since there is the same race condition as when delivering straight to a file.
Rule of index finger: Using an unnecessary extra lock seldom hurts. (When it does hurt, you'll notice. :^)
Examples:
:0: # Deliver to a file, let Procmail figure out how to lock it * ^From scooby scooby :0 # Forwarding; no locking required * ^TO_dogbert ! [email protected] :0:snoopy.lock # Explicitly name a file to use as a lock * ^Subject:.*snoopy | $HOME/bin/woodstock-enhancer.pl >>snoopy.mbox
The last one might need a little elaboration. When mail with a Subject: line containing the word "snoopy" anywhere in it arrives, Procmail will create a lock file called snoopy.lock and hold on to that file while executing the recipe (in this case, piping the mail to a program called woodstock-enhancer.pl and appending the program's output to the file snoopy.mbox). If a second message matches the same recipe, the second instance of Procmail which attempts to deliver that message will politely wait until the first Procmail lets go of the lock file.
(You don't really need to name the lock file in this isolated case. Procmail would automatically deduce a lock file based on the name of the file you're appending to, snoopy.mbox. But you might have several recipes which do separate things which need to be serialized somehow, so that one doesn't occur before the previous one has finished its critical section. Say, maybe you have a second recipe which modifies the program woodstock-enhancer.pl itself, or, more realistically, modifies a separate data file used by that program. You can't have that running while this recipe runs, so they have to share a lock, and you have to tell Procmail the name of the lock file to use.)
A (somewhat less common, but still) newbie mistake is to put the name of the file you want to write to as the name of the lock file to use, too. This effectively prevents Procmail from doing anything at all. The meaning of a lockfile is, "if this file exists, you have to wait."
The manual really does explain most of this, although it's not very explicit about why you would or wouldn't want to use locking in the first place.
:0: * ^TO_johnny@lunatix\.com ! [email protected]
This will forward to the address jjasmith any mail addressed to johnny. The trailing colon says to use a lock file, but Procmail can't figure out what file you want to lock because there is no file involved anywhere. Indeed, locking doesn't make any sense here, and you'll get warning messages in the log stating that Procmail "couldn't determine implicit lockfile." Remove the second colon on the first line and all will be fine.
(If you think you want to use a variant of this recipe, don't. Read the BCC question below.)
Q: "Regular expressions?" What's that? Wouldn't it be much simpler to just use glob-like patterns? Does this mean I have to learn something new again? Augh.
A: Yes. Don't bother with Procmail if you want something simple and stupid. But getting started really doesn't take that much, all things counted. Start with a couple of the "quick start" or "tutorial" documents you'll find on the web, then try the manuals, especially procmailex(5). See if you can figure out the examples. Try a dry run from the command line. Before you write any major recipes of your own, create test cases for the things you find puzzling (because you and the documentation were not on the same wavelength, or perhaps because you are unfamiliar with regular expressions) and work them out with a simple test message or two. Learn to use the log from the start.
Oh, and good luck. Resistance is futile. You will be assimilated. :-)
A: Rephrase: Forward a copy, then proceed with normal delivery (which ends up saving to your normal inbox on the server, unless other subsequent Procmail recipes in your .procmailrc are triggered, and end up delivering the message elsewhere).
:0c # That's colon, zero, lowercase cee ! [email protected] # That's exclamation mark, address to forward to
To do this conditionally, add conditions. To not save a copy on the server, omit the c from :0c
For the distressingly common question, "how do I do this but without leaving a copy on the server", the answer is to simply leave out the c flag. Then Procmail will simply forward, and consider the message delivered with that. (For completely unconditional forwarding, you don't really need Procmail at all, though.)
Q: How can I save a message to multiple folders?
A: Same as above, except save instead of forward.
:0c: # That's colon, zero, lowercase cee, colon folder-1 # Name of first folder :0c: # Second folder folder-2 # Repeat for each folder, perhaps even conditionally for some (or all) :0: # Last folder, no cee folder-n
To do this conditionally, add conditions. See the procmailex manual page for some examples.
If the folders you want to save to are directories, you can just list them:
:0 # No locking when saving to directories folder1/ folder2/ folder3/
Understanding deliveredness is probably a prerequisite for understanding what the c flag does. See below.
Q: How can I forward to many addresses?
A: In the simple case, just add more addresses to the action line:
:0 * ^Subject: result from cgi-bin/www-feedback$ ! [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
If you have a largish list of recipients, you might prefer to store the addresses in an external file you can edit without mucking with your Procmail filters:
# The file $MAILDIR/addresses.txt contains the recipients, one per line :0 * ^Subject: result from cgi-bin/www-feedback$ ! `cat addresses.txt` # ^ Make sure those ^ are backticks, BTW (ASCII 96)
This will break as soon as the output of the backticks is too large for your shell to handle. You can use more trickery to get around that, but why not resort to a ready-made solution instead? A mailing list manager will scale to thousands of recipients and have some provisions for handling bounces, preventing mail loops, and automatically adding and deleting subscribers. (You might want to look at SmartList, which runs on top of Procmail.)
By the way, if mail to one address should always be redirected to one or more other addresses, you should read the "virtual domain" section below. (Don't use Procmail for this. The universe will implode if you do.)
A: You "clone" it with the :c flag.
# First, we forward a copy to Don :0c ! [email protected] # Then, we stash it in a folder :0: copied-to-don
See also the answer to the brace question.
If you have both the :f flag and the :c flag on the same recipe, you are probably very confused.
Q: I get these procmail: Skipped "(something)" messages in the log, what do they mean?
A: They're Procmail's way of saying you have a syntax error in your recipes.
One frequent misunderstanding occurs when you have several actions which you would like to do in response to a matched condition. There must be one "colon" line for each action, and each action must have a colon line. See examples above and below, especially the question which has the answer "use braces".
A: It's not a "backup file", it's supposed to be backing up to a directory, and if that directory doesn't exist, it will not work. Read the paragraph before the example on the procmailex(5) manual page.
A: You can write to a file instead of a directory, of course, but then you will face a different problem: Removing old messages from the beginning of a file is much more resource-intensive (and somewhat harder) than removing the oldest files from a directory. Perhaps you should save to the same file all the time, and periodically rename the old one from underneath. You could set up a cron job to do the renaming at midnight; the cron job could also remove backup folders older than, say, three days at the same time.
A: Typically, you want to add or change a header. This sounds like formail. The only thing that remains then is to actually send it off. You can of course filter first and then send (see next question), but you might as well do both in one fell swoop (unless you also want the modified message in your normal mail stream; again, see the next question for more).
:0c * ^TO_sales@pizzazz\.tm\> * ! ^X-Loop: sales@mundane\.domain\.net | formail -k -X "From:" -X "Subject:" \ -I "To: [email protected]" -X "To:" \ -I "X-Loop: [email protected]" -X "X-Loop:" \ | $SENDMAIL $SENDMAILFLAGS -t
This is almost like a real-world example. It will (a) trim down the headers considerably, sparing only the From: and Subject: of the original. Then (b) we add some headers of our own (remember to extract them with -X too!), and (c) the results are handed to Sendmail. The -t option means the To: (and Cc: etc) lines in the actual message contain the recipient's address.
If formail won't do the modifications you want, you are of course to replace it with whatever you fancy. The basic pattern is the same, anyway: pipe to the program which "fixes" the message, then pipe the results to Sendmail.
If the results don't contain suitable headers, or might contain e.g. your own address, you should take care to tell Sendmail explicitly who to send it to, rather than rely on sendmail -t.
Q: How can I change the contents of a message but otherwise proceed through my .procmailrc as usual?
A: This is what the :f flag is for.
# Add an "X-Likely-Spam: ugh" header to all messages # which have an X-UIDL header :0fhw * ^X-UIDL: | formail -I "X-Likely-Spam: ugh" # Continues here with the slightly modified message ...
If you have both the :f flag and the :c flag on the same recipe, you are probably very confused.
(An X-UIDL is not necessarily a sign that a message is spam. This header is added by some POP programs. If you don't use POP, or your POP doesn't add this header, it's fairly likely to be spam, but you can never be too sure. Somebody who uses POP could have resent a message to you, for instance, X-UIDL header and all.)
A: Procmail's variables are exported to the environment of any process you run from within Procmail (with a few exceptions which, typically, you don't need to worry about). (This also means that if the script is yours to modify, you might not even need to pass in anything explicitly -- just make the script read the appropriate environment variable. However, this is usually a bad solution because you don't want your scripts to depend on environment variables too much.)
In the following example, we are grabbing the contents of the Subject: header into the variable SUBJECT, and then pass that in as the -s option of our-script.
SUBJECT=`formail -zxSubject:` :0w: | our-script -s "$SUBJECT" >>output
This construct is a good general solution, but in this particular case, when the information the script needs is simply the value of a field, we should avoid the overhead of the external process call (here, formail).
There are two ways to accomplish this savings: (a) since the script gets the message on standard input, it would probably be fairly straightforward to modify the script so it gleans the required information directly from the message's headers; or (b) you can use the MATCH construct to do exactly the same kind of grab you get with formail:
:0w: * ^Subject:[ ]*\/[^ ].* | our-script -s "$MATCH" >>output
Do note that the condition, which we use for its MATCH-grabbing side effect, still has to match, i.e. the script will only be run on messages with a non-empty Subject header.
The whitespace between the [] brackets consists of a space and a tab, as usual.
A: Procmail can save messages to various formats, some of which involve individual files in named directories, others are flat files to the end of which Procmail appends new messages, etcetera. Appendix A contains some helpful descriptions of various folder formats.
Q: So what's a "spool file" then?
A: Your primary mail spool is whatever the $MAIL environment variable is set up to point to. Most mail readers will know to fetch new mail from this file (some even let you use it as any other folder, and keep old messages there as well. This might or might not be something your administrator dislikes).
For some mail programs, it's important (or at least convenient) to separate the location where mail is kept from the place where new mail is delivered. (Emacs and Netscape might be good examples.) These will typically take care of momentarily locking the spool file whenever you fetch new mail, and want exclusive access to the real folder where mail is permanently stored.
Incidentally, the procmailex(5) manual page briefly explains the locking conventions used by Emacs. In practice, just ignore the locks that Emacs keeps and use spool files. (This is what the comment about movemail is supposed to mean.)
With spool files, you probably want one spool file (or even several) for each folder. It might make sense to put these spool files in their own directory, or make sure they follow a naming convention so it's easy to tell which files are spool files and which are folders.
Q: What does the second colon in :0: mean? Should I worry?
A: You just missed it. It tells Procmail to use locking on this recipe. Go back and read the above snippet about file locking. See the next question.
Q: What does "Couldn't determine implicit lockfile" mean?
A: Briefly, that you have :0: where you should have either a named lock file or just :0 (ignoring any possible flags here). See previous question. Hope this helps.
Q: What does "Extraneous locallockfile ignored" mean?
A: See previous question. Hope this helps.
Q: What does "Extraneous filter-flag ignored" mean?
A: Briefly, that you have :0f where you should have :0 (ignoring any other flags and possible lock file you might have). The f flag is perhaps a bit poorly explained in the manual, seeing as lots of people are using it where they shouldn't (probably "filtering" sounds too enticing in the manual for a filtering program -- of course you want to filter your mail, dear).
Q: Okay, then what is the significance of the number zero on the :0 line?
A: Nowadays, none really. In old versions of Procmail, you had to tell it how many condition lines your recipe contained (yes, "bletch"). The syntax was later extended and the number zero special-cased to mean, all the following lines which begin with asterisks are condition lines. (The asterisk at the beginning of each condition is obviously also part of this extended syntax.)
A: Setting MAILDIR sets Procmail's working directory to the named directory. Relative path names will be relative to this directory from then on (remember, Procmail basically scans your .procmailrc from top to bottom and it's perfectly permissible to change some setting somewhere along the way).
When started from a .forward file or similar, the initial MAILDIR will be the user's home directory.
A: This is just a conventional way to talk about the line that starts with the five characters "From " at the very beginning of the headers of a mail message. This is a tricky line for several reasons:
The format that uses the From_ line as message separator is commonly referred to as "Berkeley mbox format." Not all systems use this format, but it's pretty much a de facto standard on Unix. A related format uses the Content-Length: header instead, but keeps the From_ line, leading to utter and hopeless confusion as to which is which.
A: The usual reason people are asking this is because the following, which is basically the way to do it, feels clumsy or something.
:0
* condition1|condition2|condition3|condition4
{ ... do something about it ... }
There are situations where you can't do this, such as when one of the conditions is a negated condition. You can try to fool around with de Morgan's laws to get you somewhere where this doesn't play in, or use scoring:
:0
* 1^0 condition1|condition2
* 1^0 ! not condition 3
* 1^0 ? /path/to/external-program whose exit code we want to look at
{ ... now do something about that instead ... }
Some side effects are different when you resort to scoring; for instance, if you are also using the \/ operator to grab stuff into $MATCH, scoring will generally grab the last matching line, whereas a straightforward regex OR will stop already at the first one. (You can change the 1 in 1^0 to some really big number to prevent this. See the procmailsc(5) manual page if you wonder about the significance of these strange numbers.)
Q: Can I list several actions under a common condition? How?
A: Here you go:
:0
* common-condition
{
:0fbw
* perhaps an additional condition on this one, even
| sed -e 's/definately/definitely/g' -e 's/seperate/separate/g'
:0c:
* perhaps an additional condition on this one, too
action1
:0
! action2
}
See also the description of the :c flag above.
A: Thusly:
ARG="$1" :0 * ARG ?? regex action
You can test against any Procmail regular expression. $1 is unusual in that you can't test it directly, you have to assign it to another variable before you can actually compare.
You might want to anchor the beginning and end of the match with the ^^ special anchor (so to match "str" but not "string", "Strauss", "Dnestr", or "tapestry", you'd say ^^str^^. Also note the absence of a dollar sign on the variable name. Of course, this is all in the manual, by the way ;^)
A: Good girl/boy. Here's a partial list.
:0
* condition
{
:0c
! [email protected]
}
is just a redundant paraphrase of
:0c * condition ! [email protected]
Don't let that c flag confuse you, it won't do anything until all conditions have been met. (This could perhaps be more explicitly documented.)
If the abstraction level of the manual pages doesn't match your taste, perhaps you want to try some of the tutorials on the Links page (you could even try the Rocket Science ones if you feel you understand the basics) or the Quick Reference.
(For completeness' sake, it should be pointed out that some of the above rules of thumb are a bit too general. For example, after a \/ grab operator, .* or .+ obviously serves a useful purpose if you want to match the entire remainder of the line for grabbing purposes. A leading ^.* can be useful if you want to gobble up leading newlines if you have a ^ or $ later in the expression which should not be preceded by nothing.)
A: This is a bit complicated and basically belongs in the "advanced" section. But here's a pretty good explanation. (Thanks to Philip Guenther.)
Q: Why shouldn't I use the * wildcard?
A: First off, make sure you understand that the regular expresision "a*" matches the empty string, and the string "a", and the string "aa", and the string "aaa...". Second, blanket wildcards like .* are often a bad idea. When you're dealing with regular expressions, it's usually best to be as specific as possible.
Example: Say you have a desire to deny all mail from the domain wash.edu, perhaps only temporarily but somewhat urgently because a single user there is harassing you.
Since most headers are rather easy to forge, you want to reject any mail with this domain name in the Received: headers, which are hard to falsify. (Specifically, it's hard to prevent "wash.edu" from occurring somewhere in the headers if you post from wash.edu.) So you say
:0 * ^Received:.*wash.edu /dev/null
Thus, it is better to be as specific as you can. After a glimpse at the headers of the messages you have received so far, you determine that each Received: line starts with the word "from" and the name of a host. If that host name is in wash.edu, that is mail we want to reject:
:0 * ^Received: from ([^ ]+\.)*wash\.edu([ ]|$) /var/tmp/harassment
(Actually, this Question is made up, but various aspects of the Answer to it are Frequently Overlooked so I smuggled it all in here.)
(And actually, for Sendmail's Received: headers, you want to look at the second token after the "from" word. The first can likewise be forged and is commonly set to a bogus value by the sort of software people use for mailbombing people they don't like.)
(... Oh, and actually you probably want to leave a hole of some sort in the shield so that postmaster mail from wash.edu can make it through to your regular inbox. The most obvious tricks can most obviously be predicted and abused by a clever harasser, though. You should perhaps get on the phone to that postmaster person instead.)
The light bulb contains the seeds of its own revolution.
Before you panic, try adding VERBOSE=yes to your .procmailrc, send yourself a test message, and examine the information about Procmail's actions that are written to the log. This tells you, in excruciating detail, about every decision Procmail makes while processing your rc file.
If you have a message which is being processed differently from what you had expected, save it to a file so you can rerun it through Procmail from the command line, or show it to others when you decide you need to ask for help.
Some common error messages are explained briefly above. Go back and look for "couldn't determine implicit lockfile". (Search for the error you're getting instead if this is not it.)
All of Procmail's own error messages and some plausible explanations are listed on the Procmail manual page. If you haven't before, now is the time to read the manual pages. Note that there are several; procmailrc(5) explains the syntax of the rc files while procmailex(5) contains some good real-world examples. There is also procmailsc(5) which discusses the scoring system.
Free tip: You'll avoid a lot of sarcastic replies if you make sure you try this before you post to the Procmail mailing list or some newsgroup about your problems.
Do note that an interactive Procmail gets a different environment and possibly runs on a different machine than the Procmail in your .forward, though.
TMPDIR=/tmp/$USER
MAILDIR=$TMPDIR/procmail.out
DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/$USER
VERBOSE=yeah
SHELL=/bin/sh
:0
* ? test -d $TMPDIR || mkdir $TMPDIR
* ? test -d $MAILDIR || mkdir $MAILDIR
{ }
:0E
{
# Bail out if either directory didn't exist and couldn't be created
EXITCODE=127
HOST
}
# ... your experimental recipes here
With this recipe, you can use Procmail directly from the command line, typing in experimental messages as you go along, or feeding it a message on standard input, like this:
procmail -m experiments.rc <test.mbox
(assuming you had saved the above example rc file in experiments.rc and have a test message for it in the file test.mbox).
The -m option is rather vaguely documented; it will arrange with additional safety nets by disabling the default delivery and treating file names as relative to the current directory (as opposed to your home directory, which makes sense when invoking Procmail from a .forward or similar).
[Click here to download a copy of experiments.rc]
(Incidentally, testing Procmail from the command line like this is much more convenient than sending yourself a test message and waiting for Sendmail to deliver it to you. It also frees you from having to put diagnostic logging in your regular .procmailrc, or having to put verbose logging in your regular log file. FWIW, here's an old message from the mailing list with an example of how to debug a "mystery recipe.") [Nyfb abgr gur zbebavp sbyybj-hc :-]
This listing is by no means exhaustive. Philip Guenther's todo list and the companion warts list contains some items which are not here, although I do try to keep in sync with Philip generally.
This is mostly for version 3.11pre4 and newer. If you have an older version, you should probably upgrade. The HISTORY file in the distribution package contains a list of fixed bugs in earlier versions (although it's not very detailed).
See the malloc(3) man page if you're on FreeBSD and wonder what this means.)"Changing malloc's options seemed to do the trick for now (ln -s '<' /etc/malloc.conf)."
Actually, it has nothing particular to do with the '+' operator -- you get the same effect with the '*' operator. The real problem is that if you have something like " +.*", the '+' is superfluous from the point of view of what the regex should match, but it adds to the combinations that procmail tries as it goes. Along the way, procmail loses track of where the match really started. Yes, it's a mess. The workaround is to remove the superfluous operator ('+' in this case). That'll also make it match faster.
:0 variable=| echo "$variable" | tr A-Z a-z
The following things are frequently regarded as unintuitive or even "broken" by many people.
FROM="^(From[ ]|(Old-|X-)?(Resent-)?(From|Reply-To|Sender):)(.*\<)?"
# Use thusly:
:0
* $ ${FROM}billg@microsoft\.com
| $HOME/bin/throw-virtual-cake
:0 | formail -AMoo: -IFoo: -r\ -aBoo:
:0 | formail -AMoo: -IFoo: -r-aBoo:
* Condition which wants to continue \ () with leading whitespace
* VAR ?? ()\$string which starts with a literal dollar sign * VAR ?? [$]string which also starts with a literal dollar sign * VAR ?? (\$)third alternative solution
bar='quux' :0 * foo$bar baz :0 * $ foo$bar mumble
sed '/^-- $/,$c\ -- \ sed: .signature removed'
NL=" " :0bfwi * ^From:(.*\<)?dquayle?@aol\.com\> | sed '/^-- $/,$c\'"$NL"'-- \'"$NL"'sed: .signature removed'
SEDKLUDGE='/^-- $/,$c\ -- \ sed: .signature removed' :0bfwi * ^From:(.*\<)?dquayle?@aol\.com\> | sed -e "$SEDKLUDGE"
"rocmail: skipped "
#!/bin/sh if ! mv .procmailrc .procmailrc.old ; then echo Could not move .procmailrc to .procmailrc.old >&2 exit 1 fi tr -d '\015' .procmailrc.old >.procmailrc
:0ir ARGS=| echo "$@"
| $SENDMAIL $SENDMAILFLAGS ...
formail -rt -XTo: -A"X-Loop: [email protected]"
formail -rt -XTo: -A"X-Loop: [email protected]" -XX-Loop:
Q: What are some typical installation problems?
A: Here are some of the most typical problems with getting Procmail to run in the first place:
See also various points in Stephen's original Procmail FAQ.
Your humble FAQ author has a web page with some debugging tips at http://www.iki.fi/era/mail/procmail-debug.html
Q: What are all those mysterious things I'm supposed to stick in my .forward file?
A: First off, for the record, you don't need a .forward if Procmail is your local MDA. Ask your admin.
If Procmail is not your local MDA, you need something more or less like what the manual suggests. Look at the NOTES section of the procmail(1) manual page -- this is tailored by Procmail's installation script depending on what MTA you have installed, so if the manual page's suggestion looks very different from the following (usually much simpler; see below) then the manual page's suggestion is definitely worth a try before you try this.
The following is not exactly the same as what Procmail's manual page suggests, because it has some decorations which people have come up with on their own, which have become rather widespread and thus are probably worth a bit of explanation. So, here's one popular variation:
"|IFS=' '&&p=/usr/local/bin/procmail&&test -f $p&&exec $p -f-||exit 75#whatever"
(That should all be on a single line. Unwrap it if it appears wrapped.
Unwarp it if it appears warped. The surrounding double quotes are
significant, and should be included in the file.)
This is just a simple (but slightly convoluted) shell script.
Whitespace is often left out as much as possible, partly out of paranoia,
partly because people want it all to fit onto a single line in their editor.
Please note that this is not guaranteed to work out of the box.
Your first attempt at a .forward should be what your local
manual page suggests (and please, people, change
#whatever to your own login name with a hash mark in front).
Here's what it does:
If your MTA is not Sendmail, something reasonably simple like
"|/usr/local/bin/procmail -f-"
(If you have a hard time even figuring out what your local MTA is, the appendix on figuring out the mail flow might be worth reading for background information and a trick or two.)
The Filtering Mail FAQ has a section with more .forward file variants you can try if the one in the manual page and the ones given above don't seem to cut it. (You will find the same information in Infinite Ink's Procmail Quick Start, too.)
Q: I have this recipe which I basically copied from someone's working .procmailrc but it gives me funny errors such as "Badly placed ()'s" or "formail: not found" or "formail: formail: cannot open". What's happening here?
A: The first error message is a Csh error message (also "Too many ('s") -- add the following to your .procmailrc and try again:
SHELL=/bin/sh
The second and third errors comes from a Bourne shell which can't find the command named formail. It probably means that your PATH is not set up properly, or that a program which the recipe needs doesn't exist on your system. (You might also see "/bin/sh: formail: cannot open" which makes a lot more sense than the example above. Don't ask me why some Bourne shells will print the command name twice.)
It could also be because the recipe author used the (somewhat dubious) convention of defining commands as Procmail variables and using these variables in the actual recipes:
:0
* ? $FORMAIL -XFrom: -XSender: | $FGREP cyberpromo.com
/dev/null
The above will only work if the variables FORMAIL and FGREP are set to suitable values such as FORMAIL=/usr/local/bin/formail and FGREP=/usr/bin/fgrep earlier in your .procmailrc. (And you can't just snatch these values from here either -- ask your local gurus [or the recipe author] to help you out if you don't understand what this does.)
Q: Yikes! Where did my mail go??
A: Usually, to a file in your MAILDIR. Look in the log for clues (you were using the logging facility, yes? Yes?) and in your MAILDIR for files called something funny such as "*" or ":0:" or "# I wonder if Procmail allows comments here" or "[email protected]" (the quotes are not part of the file names and these file names are not necessarily representative).
procmail: Skipped "^Subject:.*test" procmail: Locking "*.lock" procmail: Opening "*" procmail: Unlocking "*.lock"
A: Make sure you are using a reasonably new version of Procmail. According to archeologists, versions prior to 3.something don't understand the :0 syntax
Q: Why is Procmail writing to the console? Can I stop that?
A: It's not, unless you specifically messed with this setting when you compiled it. Unmess and recompile. Another popular mistake is to somehow enable the MMDF message separator string (^A^A^A^A, four ASCII 01:s) before compiling. (This setting is the first thing in config.h and is kind of easy to uncomment so it's not all that hard to change it by mistake if you're using, uh, ahem, something else than the One True Text Editor.)
Q: What are these fields that get written to the log?
A: In order of appearance
This is documented under LOGABSTRACT in the procmailrc manual page.
A: It's supposed to work that way. What the recipe does is, if formail detects a duplicate, it will succeed, which makes Procmail think the message is now delivered.
Q: Uh, I'm not sure I understand that.
A: It's a bit of a play with side effects. For reference, here's that recipe again:
:0Wh:msgid.lock | formail -D 8192 msgid.cache
Let's paraphrase this recipe as a dialog.
There are no conditions, so the action line is done for every message
that gets as far as this recipe. The h flag says to only
show the headers of the message to the action line, and the W
flag says to wait for the program in the action line to finish
(so we can look at Formail's exit code).
Procmail says, "hey formail, save this message for me."
Formail eats the message (actually just the headers, because of the
h flag), extracts the Message-Id, and checks if it's
already in the cache file.
If not, formail says "sorry, no can do." Procmail catches this error,
says "aw shucks, you couldn't save it? I have to continue processing
this message then" and wanders off to the next recipe.
However, if the Message-Id was already in the cache, Formail doesn't
generate an error, and Procmail (somewhat stupidly, it might seem)
assumes Formail took care of that message
(i.e. saved it somewhere, for example)
and that is is thus now delivered and no longer a problem of Procmail's.
A: It's a feature. Normally, you want Procmail to keep track of what your recipes are doing, and salvage your data if something goes wrong with one of them. If you have a recipe like this:
# Old Stan always writes boring messages, # we only really need to see the first five lines of 'em :0fbw * ^From: stanislaus@poland\.com | head -5
it will work some of the time, when the message from Stan is short enough, but that's a coincidence. With a longer message, though, Unix starts paying attention to what is happening, because it will have to buffer some of the data, and then when the buffered data is never read, an error occurs (specifically, a SIGPIPE signal is generated). The error is passed back to Procmail, and Procmail tries to be nice and give you back your original message as it was before this malicious program truncated it. Never mind that in this case you wanted to truncate the data. Anyway, the fix is easy: Just add an :i flag to the recipe (:0fbwi instead of :0fbw) to make Procmail ignore the error.
A: Procmail by default sends a notification message for all delivered messages. The COMSAT pseudovariable controls this; see the documentation for details. So for starters, make sure you have COMSAT set to the right thing -- in a verbose log, you should see something like
procmail: Notified comsat: "you@offset:file"
for each delivered message.
Unfortunately, many systems come with an ancient version of comsat(8) which doesn't pay attention to the last part of this notification. Thus, you will see apparently random biff notices, or none at all for mail delivered outside your system spool.
The solution is to [get your admin to] install a comsat daemon which understands the newer, extended form of the comsat protocol.
Q: How do I get Procmail and Netscape to cooperate?
A: Netscape is not good about file locking and you will find that it forgets which messages have already been read every time Procmail appends to a folder. (Peter B. West has diagnosed this in some detail.) You can use Procmail to tag messages and use Netscape's filtering capabilities for the last mile or e.g.read your folders over IMAP and let Procmail deliver to the IMAP server instead. (suggested by Mike de Laine).
Netscape's JavaScript filtering capabilities are allegedly not all that bad, if you can find the documentation.
This section attempts to explain a little something about the context in which Procmail runs. Specifically, you need to understand this if you wonder why you can't match on the BCC header, how to cope with many users sharing the same POP mailbox, or generally want to do something like a virtual domain.
If that's not something you worry about, you should perhaps still read the next section. But if you want to skip directly to the other questions, you can click here.
Learn the following by heart:
SMTP doesn't care what's in the headers of a message. It goes where the envelope says. The headers don't matter. The headers don't matter. The message goes where the envelope says.
What, the astute reader asks, does this have with Procmail to do?
Well, Procmail is frequently used to handle mail. And Procmail can only look at what's in a message's headers. And since the headers might just contain more or less anything, trying to let Procmail figure out whom a message for is pretty futile.
Nevertheless, this is something a lot of people are trying to do.
If you are content with the answer "Procmail is the wrong tool for this," you can stop reading now and skip to the next question.
Let's take an example. The following message looks like it was sent from [email protected] to [email protected]. And yet, it was actually sent by some mailing list package at nospam.org and landed in your inbox, because you're a subscriber to [email protected]. How can this be?
From [email protected] Sun Nov 15 18:39:39 1998 Received: by yourhost from nospam.org and so on and so forth From: Frank O. Olsen <[email protected]> To: People Who Don't Want Unwanted Mail <[email protected]> Subject: How? How do I get off this list? -- Frank < ... 18 lines of .signature trimmed ... >
When a message is transferred over an SMTP connection, it's encapsulated. It's kind of like the message is nicely folded into an envelope, and the programs which handle it just look at whatever is scribbled onto the envelope. Then when the message reaches the MTA at the final destination, this program (typically Sendmail or Qmail) opens the envelope and delivers the actual message.
What happens when the Sendmail at nospam.org sends the above message is that it passes in the -request address as the envelope sender (which turns up in the From_ pseudo-header) and your address as the envelope recipient. Fine and dandy, says your local MTA, and asks nospam.org to follow up with the actual message. Only at this stage are the headers (and the body, of course) transmitted -- obviously, what's in the message itself doesn't matter anymore, because the envelope data is what says where the message came from and where it should go.
The Bcc: header, as implemented in e.g. Sendmail, is really just a special case of this: Before sending the message, Sendmail copies any Bcc: recipients from the headers to the envelope, zaps the Bcc: headers, and sends it off just like any other message.
Normally this doesn't affect Procmail a lot, because in the typical scenario, Procmail already knows implicitly who a message is for -- the envelope sender data determines whose .forward (if applicable) and/or .procmailrc gets read, and all of this is nicely sorted out by the time your Procmail recipes get a chance to do anything like deliver the message somewhere.
But what if you want to use your account as a switchboard for many other addresses? Procmail is a fairly nice program for this sort of application, but if you are feeding mail for several distinct recipients into your switchboard .procmailrc, you have to make sure you also somehow tell Procmail where the message should ultimately go.
Here are some ways to accomplish that:
Some of the "related questions" below discuss some of these issues to some extent.
The default settings with Sendmail 8.9.x for Procmail as LDA don't actually pass in the actual envelope recipient, but at least with plussed addresses you get the part after the plus (as in, if I get mail to [email protected] I'd have access to the information that it was sent to something +pr, but I don't know if it was sent specifically to era or to an alias which points to this address).
With Sendmail, using the Procmail mailer (not just Procmail as the default delivery agent) is a solution which works nicely (but you can't invoke that from plain aliases, you have to use something like the mailertable). (Thanks to Philip Guenther for information about how to do this with Sendmail.)
With qmail, you can have the MTA insert envelope information into the headers which subsequently get stripped by the local delivery agent. This is nice for POP sites where both the upstream and the local host run qmail. (Thanks to Bart Schaefer for this information.)
Q: Why can't I match on the BCC: header?
A: You can't match on the BCC: header because it is not present in the message you receive. See above. This is what the "Blind" in "Blind Carbon Copy" stands for; none of the recipients are supposed to see who's been BCC:ed. (Okay, so the spec has a few more twists. This is how Sendmail does it. Some other mailers will show the BCC list to the people who are being BCC:ed.)
Q: The Received: header seems to often contain something like Received: from elsewhere (...) by somewhere (...) for <[email protected]> even if the recipient was Bcc:ed -- can't I rely on that "for" part?
A: No. Next question?
The problem is that (a) not all MTA:s add this information, and (b) even if yours sometimes does, it might not always. E.g. Sendmail won't stamp the recipient in the Received: header if the message was sent to several recipients at your site.
Q: How do I implement a virtual domain in Procmail?
Or, is Procmail even the right tool for this?
A: The short answer is no; don't. See the section Why Headers Don't Matter, above.
If you stubbornly refuse to take no for an answer, you might want to look at Chris Lindsey's "solution"
It is an unfortunate fact that many sites offer "virtual hosting" without providing a robust way to forward mail to the client with all the information intact. A working vitual host setup needs to forward the envelope information of every message to the downstream, so that the recipient information can reliably be recovered, or maintain separate mailboxes for each user at the upstream (not normally a viable or desirable solution). Unfortunately, providers are only slowly realizing why this is necessary, and good information on how to do this right is apparently not easy to come by. If you are having problems with your upstream, persuade them to give you your money back if they can't solve this problem to your satisfaction.
Q: How can Procmail figure out who to Cc: when there are several recipients?
A: If you're asking this, you should probably be reading the answer to the previous question first. The rest of this is just a demonstration of how futile this is.
It has been asked a number of times if it's possible to implement a good forwarding scheme which can take care of things like Cc:s to different users in the same virtual domain.
Here's what you might have started out with:
:0 * ^TO_jill@mydomain\.virtual ! [email protected] :0 * ^TO_jane@mydomain\.virtual ! [email protected]
The problem now is that if something comes in To: both jane and jill, (with infinite variations of Cc:s, Resent-To:, etc) it will only be forwarded to jill. (Or, if you have a :c flag on each recipe, the recipients will each get one copy per local recipient of the same message. Or, if your upstream already exploded the message into one copy per recipient at your site, jill will get both her own copy and jane's, or both will get two copies. Or, you mess up while trying to fix this and your mail server goes into a headspin and you wake up the next morning in Elbonia.)
The short answer is that Procmail is not the right tool for this.
If you really want this to work, you will also want BCC:s to work (see the BCC question above), which is usually not possible without tweaking your Sendmail configuration. In which case you might as well implement some or all of the actual forwarding mechanism in Sendmail, which is the more appropriate tool anyway.
If you are set on getting this to work anyway, see the "Kevorkian" answer below.
The basic problem is that when mail gets delivered into mailboxes at the upstream, the envelope information (like who the message is for) is usually discarded. So you shouldn't deliver into a mailbox that is not the correct mailbox, you should continue to transport the mail until you are ready to deliver to the final destination.
You can tweak Sendmail to copy the envelope recipient information into the message header (see below), but you don't have to do that if you don't deliver the message prematurely.
In a typical my-home-computer-is-my-domain setting, you could instead transport mail to your home computer using UUCP. fetchmail can also handle this for you, allowing you to have all mail for your domain delivered to a single POP account with the envelope information intact. (Look for "multidrop" in the fetchmail documentation. It appears that it actually relies more or less on the headers, not on the actual envelope recipient data. But if envelope information is available, fetchmail can use it.)
Q: Procmail is broken in this respect, isn't it?
A: No. If every problem begins to look like a nail, you need to have more tools than just the hammer in your toolbox.
Search backward for "stubborn" if you really really want to do this anyway.
Q: But I don't want to bug my upstream every time I create a new local address.
A: You bug your upstream to set this up correctly for you, once. (If they insist on having a list of your local users available before they can deliver your mail correctly, it means they want to be bugged. And you are a paying customer, correct? Anyway, having a list of users at the upstream makes sense for some things; if they want one, you should agree on a procedure for updating this list which is as painless as possible for both parties. man rdist and all that.)
A: The Sendmail FAQ contains a section which explains how to set up a virtual user table entry which then gets processed -- ironically, by Procmail and Formail -- at delivery at the upstream, adding an X-Envelope-To header with the recipient's address.
Miquel van Smoorenburg has written a patch to do something similar for Sendmail 8.9.2 which can be found at ftp://ftp.cistron.nl/pub/people/miquels/sendmail/8.9.2-envto+etrnprog.dif -- allegedly this, or something like it, was being considered for distribution with Sendmail 8.10. I can't find it in the 8.11 distribution, though. (Maybe I'm not very talented.)
See also http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/procmail/1996-11/msg00251.html which is a tangentially relevant message about this from Philip Guenther. (Or look at this local copy.)
The Fetchmail FAQ has a Sendmail rule for adding Delivered-To: to all mail before delivering it. This has to be added to the upstream's Sendmail configuration, obviously. (But this is not foolproof; it works by expanding $u when it is set, but it will be unset in the same situations where Sendmail will also not add a "for <:recipient>" part to the Received: line. Thanks to Adam Megacz for pointing this out.)
Adam Megacz has a web page which explains some of these issues at http://www.megacz.com/mail.setup.html
Q: But I want to shoot myself in the foot. Won't you help me?
A: Download a copy of kevorkian.pl (never mind the Simpsons references). See the Cc: to many question above for details. (If you just want to look at the script, but your browser wants to download it and/or execute it, try the copy named kevorkian.txt instead.)
This is the kitchen sink.
A: You don't, you use formail to split it it back into separate messages and feed each into its own little procmail process.
formail -s procmail experiments.rc < test.mbox
(This will use the recipes in the rc file experiments.rc.)
You may want to add an -n switch if you have a large amount of messages to process, but you should be really, really sure you understand the implications before you try it. (In other words, RTFM.)
Q: How do I do different actions depending on the time of day, day of week, etc?
A: The "brute force" answer is to run date(1) each time you receive a message, and compare the results against some regular expression, but a simple and efficient shortcut is to use the date stamp which is already in the From_ line -- it will be in your (machine's) local time zone and reasonably close to (usually within seconds or even split-seconds of) the message's arrival.
Here's an example which forwards messages elsewhere, but only on weekdays between 9 and 5. (Actually, until 16:59:59.)
:0 * ^From [^ ]+[ ]+(Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri) ... ... .. \ ([ 0]9|1[1-6]):[0-5][0-9]:[0-5][0-9] ! [email protected]
:0 # Wed Aug 14 15:59:59 +0300 1994
* ^From [^ ]+[ ]+... \/... .. ..:..:.. [+-]?.... ....
{
FROM_=$MATCH
:0
* FROM_ ?? ^^\/[a-z][a-z][a-z]
{ MONTH=$MATCH }
# Exercise: Make sure month name is always properly capitalized,
# and/or convert it to a month number
:0
* FROM_ ?? ^^... \/([ 0][0-9]|1[0-2])
{ DAY=$MATCH }
:0 # Y10K problem! :-)
* FROM_ ?? ()\/[1-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]$$
{ YEAR=$MATCH }
# Should probably bail out here if any of MONTH DAY YEAR unset
:0: # save to daily-yyyy-mmm-dd
daily-$YEAR-$MONTH-$DAY
}
A: The canonical way to get the sender's trimmed-down address is
formail -rtzxTo:
This looks a bit counter-intuitive, but it works fine, provided that you don't mind the fact that formail -rt will prefer e.g. the value of Reply-To: over From:.
This will in fact do two things, which is not apparent if you're not too familiar with formail. One: It will generate a reply header (formail -rt). Two: Out of this new header, it will extract the To: field (formail -zxTo:). By happy coincidence, the generated reply address will only contain the actual email terminus, without the full name or other comments. Wallah.
None of this is important if you merely want to find an address to send off a reply to (all you need for that is formail -rt and pass it to Sendmail). An address with a full name will do just fine for replying; any decent mail program should accept that (although you probably need to put it in double quotes to pass it as a single argument). For keeping a database of addresses, though, the stripped-down version is better (but still not perfect, and keep in mind that the host.domain part is not case sensitive).
Typical newbie mistake: formail -rtzxFrom:; this will actually return nothing at all, but you could in fact expect it to return your own address.
If this approach doesn't suit you for some reason, you could always post-process the address through some simple script which successively strips off layers of comments and whitespace. A fully RFC822-compliant script isn't trivial to write, but for many purposes, a simple sed script will probably do. (If you're truly masochistic, try to figure out how to get sendmail to strip the address and hand it back to you :-)
Perhaps you also want to look at formail -rD which keeps record of a limited number of addresses and expires the oldest ones as it gets fed new addresses.
Q: I've seen all these recipes which use EXITCODE= but how can I tell what exit codes to use?
A: The file /usr/include/sysexits.h should contain a good listing. If not, ask your system administrator where to get this information. These exit codes are fairly standardized but you should still not be surprised if something turns out to be different at your site. Some things are also probably more or less Sendmail-centric.
If you use Qmail instead of Sendmail, the codes will be completely different. See the Qmail documentation.
(The mechanism when you use this from Procmail is that Procmail quits with the specified error code, and the calling program is expected to catch that and act accordingly, i.e. generate a bounce message in most situations. If you are calling Procmail from a program which doesn't do this, there will obviously be no bounce. So if you test Procmail from your shell prompt and you see **Bounced** or **Requeued** in the log, it only really means Procmail quit with a non-zero exit code.)
If your $SENDMAIL is in fact not a real Sendmail, it probably doesn't care about Procmail's exit code. At least Smail is rumored to behave this way. Bottom line, as always: test your recipes.
Not all programs return sensible error codes. If you see "mailer died with error 12 and a half" in a bounce message, it probably means the recipient ran his own home-grown filter on your message and it just happened to die with a more or less random and nonstandard exit code. Procmail, of course, is an excellent wrapper to put around such misbehaving programs.
Q: How can I prevent my .forward from being included in sendmail's bounce messages?
I am rejecting some unwanted messages by setting EXITCODE to a suitable value (see separate question about that) but the generated bounce will include my .forward file, which will reveal to a human reader that my account in fact does exist, and it won't really allow me to explain the reason for the bounce, either. Can I make the bounce include a better explanation to the receiver of the bounce, or otherwise customize it?
A: If your site is using Procmail as your local MDA, you shouldn't have this problem. Perhaps you can persuade your admin to install Procmail site-wide, in which case you will have more control over generated bounce messages in general.
If that's not an option, your best bet is probably to simply generate an autoreply which looks like a bounce message, instead of letting sendmail generate the bounce message for you. Required reading: RFC1894, or get one of the existing bounce generators (there's at least one; see the Links page for more information).
Q: How can I extract (or kill) MIME parts from composite messages?
A: While there is nothing inherently very complicated about MIME multipart messages, the problem is not particularly a Procmail problem. You cannot write a Procmail recipe or a sed script which can parse them on its own because the MIME format is -- after all -- complicated enough to require a bit more muscle than simple regular expressions.
Jari Aalto's Procmail library has a component which attempts to do it anyway. See the Links page for details.
You can write your own Perl script to pick apart the messages (recommended: get the Perl MIME module instead of inventing your own wheel) or use a dedicated program such as munpack to handle them. (See the MIME FAQ for pointers.)
An unsound thing to do, which people ask about a lot anyway, is to kill all MIME messages. This should be easy (all compliant MIME messages contain a Mime-Version: header) but not smart, because MIME is merely an extension technology, not a sign that the message contains anything in particular that people usually want to filter with this measure (such as a huge file attachment, or HTML-encrypted message text, or text in the Latin-1 character set or a number of other character sets, including the default 7-bit US-ASCII, or anything else that MIME can be a vehicle for). Again, reading up on MIME would probably be a good idea if you are thinking about this.
Q: How do I implement a "vacation" program? A spam auto-responder?
A: Look at the procmailex man page. For an even simpler solution (in that it's less reading for you and presumably a better and more stable solution than you could build on your own in a couple of hours), get Alan K. Stebbens's Procmail library (see directions on the Links page) and tweak to suit your needs.
If unsolicited bulk e-mail, aka spam, is a problem for you, your best defense is to get your ISP to filter your mail at the SMTP and/or router level. The next best option is to install one of the many existing Procmail antispam packages. The Links page has pointers to a host of'em. If you want to discuss the minutiae of detecting spam, a dedicated spam list is probably a better forum than the Procmail-L mailing list.
Bouncing unwanted messages is not necessarily a smart thing to do.
The official location of this page is http://www.iki.fi/era/procmail/mini-faq.html -- please use this redirector URL instead of whatever it happens to point to when referring to this page.
Copyright: I wrote it with the help of others. Way to go.
The cover page has a "to do" section with some ideas. If you think you can help out with any of them, it would be very much appreciated.
A text-only version of this
Procmail FAQ is also available by e-mail
(via Procmail of course);
send a message to
[email protected]
with a
Subject: header containing only the words send procmail-faq
... to get a copy of the experiments.rc file, use
send experiments.rc
$Id: mini-faq.prep,v 1.358 2001/04/09 09:59:17 era Exp $
This appendix lists some common (and some less common) mail folder formats.
A "folder," in this sense, is merely another name for a file or directory which contains mail messages.
Procmail can write to mbx formatted mail folders via
the 'dmail' utility. dmail is included in the UW imap-util
distribution.
Usage:
DELIVER_LOCAL_MAILER = /local/bin/dmail
MAILDIR = $HOME/.Mail
DEFAULT = $MAILDIR/inbox
:0 w
| $DELIVER_LOCAL_MAILER +inbox
Thanks for this information!
(More details still welcome.)
For a lot of reasons, it would be good if you could figure out as much as possible about how mail is being processed on the host(s) where you intend to run Procmail.
Here's a quick rundown of what you can do to learn more about how mail flows on your site. (If you're the postmaster of a site and don't know these things already, you're probably in deep trouble. This is primarily meant for the end users. For the benefit of your users, it would be nice if you could document these things e.g. on your site's web pages.)
If all you have is a single host which serves all the needs of all your users, you can probably stop reading here (unless you're curious).
If your ISP or company has several relatively autonomous hosts, each might be capable of receiving and sending mail. Modern installations often try to delegate mail processing to one central "smart host" and refuse at least external mail on the other machines (users' workstations, database servers, web servers etc). An unfortunate number of sites with old software are running a number of essentially uncontrolled and unmanaged mail servers, which is confusing both to users and administrators, and probably means there is ample opportunity for spammers and other abusers to find security holes.
The typical scenario on modern sites is to have one big dedicated server which is responsible for delivering mail to local users. Other hosts are only relaying stuff to the smart host, and preferably don't accept outside mail at all. Making changes to the mail configuration means you change the configuration of the smart host, and don't have to worry about the "stupid clients," which should perhaps even be behind a firewall.
DNS, the Domain Name System, allows each domain (and even each host) to have an MX (Mail Exchanger) record which tells others where to route mail for this particular host. Unfortunately, many clients erroneously fail to look for MX records, and will blindly bypass this redirection and try to send to the named host. For this reason, hosts whose names are going to be, or have been, visible to users outside your domain should probably be equipped to at least relay mail to the main MX host.
Internal hosts, inside the firewall or in the same domain, often don't care about MX hosts and are able to send mail directly to local users (one way or another). In effect, the same configuration as for "stupid hosts" can be used for this, too -- just let the "stupid hosts" forward to the main MX machine. (This is what secondary MX hosts are often set up to do as well.)
You can find out which hosts are designated as MX hosts with any standard DNS lookup tool. nslookup(1) is the classical tool for this, but you you might want to see if you have host(1) and/or dig(1) installed, too.
Here's an example with nslookup:
$ nslookup -q=mx rwth-aachen.de Server: localhost Address: 127.0.0.1 Non-authoritative answer: rwth-aachen.de preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.rwth-aachen.de rwth-aachen.de preference = 30, mail exchanger = Campino.Informatik.rwth-aachen.de Authoritative answers can be found from: rwth-aachen.de nameserver = nets1.rz.rwth-aachen.de rwth-aachen.de nameserver = deneb.dfn.de rwth-aachen.de nameserver = ns.nic.de rwth-aachen.de nameserver = Urmel.Informatik.rwth-aachen.de mail.rwth-aachen.de internet address = 137.226.144.9 Campino.Informatik.rwth-aachen.de internet address = 137.226.116.240 nets1.rz.rwth-aachen.de internet address = 137.226.144.3 deneb.dfn.de internet address = 192.76.176.9 ns.nic.de internet address = 193.196.32.1 Urmel.Informatik.rwth-aachen.de internet address = 137.226.112.21
The output from nslookup is slightly messy. Among all the unrelated information about name servers etc, this simply says that the hosts mail and Campino.Informatik do MX for Aachen. By having a lower preference number (zero means most preferred), mail is the primary MX host.
In general terms, hosts with lower preference numbers should be preferred over the ones with higher numbers, which would often be off-site hosts which are merely set up to queue the mail if and when the main MX is down, and then forward there when it comes back up again. Some spammers have found that secondary MX hosts are often less well-protected than the main MX host and try to relay spam via a secondary.
If you don't have access to command-line DNS tools, there are numerous WWW services which allow anybody to use these same tools via a simple WWW form interface.
To find out what MTA a host is running, you can telnet to its port 25 -- the greeting you see should contain at least the name of the MTA, and in the case of Sendmail also the version of both the binary and the configuration file. (Type quit to terminate the telnet connection.)
If you have collected mail for some time, a quick look at the Received: headers of those messages should be enough to give you a good impression of how things are working in practice. Still, don't forget to check DNS for secondary MXes and other interesting phenomena if you write recipes which need to know which hosts are "local" or "allowed" in some sense.